The UN Child Abuse Scandals

By Mariella Konings


Some things are just taken for granted, it seems. For instance, whenever a UN peacekeeping mission lands anywhere on earth, incidents of rape, forced prostitution and the sexual abuse and exploitation suddenly begin to soar skyhigh. As a result, each year that passed since the year 2000 has seen a number of scandals surface around the world where UN personel, in particular the ‘peacekeepers’, have been caught in the systematic sexual exploitation of the refugees living in UN refugeecamps.

The claims evolve around peacekeepers molesting and raping refugees, setting up prostitutionrings and profiting from the forced prostitution of the refugees.

It is unclear what is most worrying: the fact that children in UN refugeecamps are easy targets for organised sexual predators, or the way the UN chooses to handle these cases once they surface in public.

Each time one of these UN sex scandals surfaces, the international community explodes with anger and disgust over these outrageous incidents. The UN however has become known for consistently ignoring, downplaying, ridiculing and even denying the accusations for as long as it takes untill the scandal dies down. Each time it launches an investigations into it´s own wrongdoings, the UN finds there is “no substance” to the allegations or that there is “not enough evidence” to substantiate the reports. As a result, each time a UN sex scandal erupts it is left to wither away and die out of the public eye.

2001

In October 2000 Kathryn Bolkovac, an employee of DynCorp who was in Bosnia to investigate forced prostitution and human trafficking, sent an e-mail to the chief of the UN mission in Bosnia, Jaques Paul Klein, in which she tried to raise the alarm of some of the malconduct of the UN troops in Bosnia. In the e-mail Bolkovac detailed how UN peacekeepers frequented bars and brothels where underage girls, some as young as 15, danced naked and were offered by their ‘owners’ for sex. In the e-mail Bolkovac also alledged that UN and DynCorp employees were participating in human trafficking and prostitution rings. [The Telegraph] (1)

Bolkovac had been sent to Bosnia to investigate allegations of forced prostitution and human trafficking, which had taken on an unprecedented level in the years after the civil war from 1991 to 1995. There she had witnessed UN peacekeepers visiting local bars and brothels where underaged girls danced naked and were prostituted to the clientele. After Bolkovac interviewed the underaged girls, some of them as young as 15, they told her that they were ‘offered’ to the customers by their ‘owners’ and that they had had forced sex with employees of the UN and DynCorp. After verifying that UN and DynCorp employees were not only clients of the underaged prostitutes, Bolkovac established that they also were actively participating in human trafficking and the running of prostitutionrings, in which minors were forced into prostitution. [The Telegraph] (1)

After contacting UN mission chief in Bosnia Jaques Paul Klein, an eerie silence descended. Klein declined to reply, while Bolkovac herself got fired from DynCorp for blowing the whistle after she exposed that DynCorp employees were involved in local prostitution rings and the sexual abuse of underage girls. And so the scandal died down.

2002

In 2002 allegations of sexual abuse and exploitation involving UN peacekeepers and employees of a British NGO surfaced in west Africa. After receiving more than 400 claims of sexual abuse of children in refugeecamps in Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea, the UNHCR launched a factfinding mission into the allegations. (2)
It soon found itself swamped as it researched the allegations against a number of peacekeepers who had been accused of working hand in hand with employees of the British NGO ‘Save The Children UK’ and certain other NGO’s. As the research slowly progressed, the UN drew fierce criticism of western diplomats and other NGO’s over it’s reluctance to share it’s findings. The investigation received a lot of internal criticism for excluding the World Food Program and UNAMSIL, who were initially accused by the UNHCR and Save The Children UK as having employees engaging in the extensive sexual exploitation of refugee children. [The Washington Times] (3)

Nexsmax writes: “The initial refusal by UNHCR and Save the Children-UK to furnish to other NGOs, confidentially, the names of the alleged 67 individuals created tensions among the normally close-knit "humanitarian community (...) After a number of heated closed-door meetings, however, the NGOs were furnished with the confidential information they had been seeking” (2)

While the investigations into the child abuse by UN peacekeepers and Save The Children-UK continued, it became apparent that the 400 cases might just be the tip of the iceberg. However, the researches noticed severe difficulties in obtaining witness testimonies, because the underage victims had to report to their molesters or their colleagues. The UN report states most “incidents of sexual violence go unreported,” and notes: “In order for a refugee to make a report, they would have to go through the same persons who themselves are perpetrators of sexual exploitation. Most staff appear to connive to hide the actions of other staff.” (2)

During the investigation into the allegations of “extensive sexual exploitation of refugee children” in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea, the UN uncovered 10 new cases against aid workers. Eventually, nothing much happenend apart from the UN clearing a number of it’s own employees. UNHCR commissioner Ruud Lubbers (who would later step down from his post because of allegations of sexual abuse of his employees) was criticized for downplaying the problem. [The Washington Times] (3) Eventually the investigation bogged down.

Meanwhile, the UN landed itself into another sex scandal in 2002, after a childrens book that was handed out freely at a United Nations Child Summit in Mexico encouraged children to turn towards – amongst others – bestiality and pedophilia in order to avoid teenage pregnancy. Financed by UNICEF and produced by the Mexican government, the childrensbook caused a huge international row for advising underage children to ‘experiment’ with homosexuality and other forms of sex while infuriating catholics for propagating abortion as a means of contraception. The Washington Times writes that the book: “tells Latin American mothers and teens: "Situations in which you can obtain sexual pleasure: 1. Masturbation. 2. Sexual relations with a partner — whether heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. 3. A sexual response that is directed toward inanimate objects, animals, minors, non-consenting persons."” (4)

A seperate investigation conducted in 2002 uncovered another form of systematic child abuse involving the UN peacekeepers, this time in Kosovo. After the ‘Mental Disability Rights International’ (MDRI) received reports about the deplorable situation in mental institutions run by the UN, it launched an investigation into the Shtime home, the Pristina elderly home and Prinstina University hospital in Kosovo. In these UN maintained mental asylums, the patients consisted largely of Serbs while the employees were mostly Albanian and the situation had deteriorated dramatically as male patients were left to roam the wards and frequently assaulted and raped the female patients as staff watched. A number of children and teenagers were found on the premises of the mental institutions. The raped patients, however, did not qualify as credible witnesses for the UN because they were mentally ill. And if they tried to speak about the abuse they were threatened by staff to keep quiet: one female patient was even threatened by a member of staff in front of the MDRI investigators. After the MDRI released a damning report on the sexual abuse of patienst in the UN mental institutions in Kosovo, the UNMIK objected that while the damning report was “not generally inaccurate” there were not enough funds available to ensure a safer environment for their patients. Later the UNMIK issued a sober statement saying: “children have been removed from the institution at Shtime and are no longer vulnerable.” [The Guardian] (5)

In December 2002 a fresh row broke out in Eritrea, after an Irish peacekeeper of the UNMEE was jailed for shooting pornographic movies involving young Eritrean prostitutes. Ever since the UN moved into Eritrea brothels and nightclubs had shot out of the ground while the number of prostitutes had exploded. The Scotsman writes: “... a report commissioned by the UN itself noted this year that prostitution has soared since peace was declared in Eritrea and the UN peacekeepers arrived there. Over the past two years, Italian, Danish and Slovak peacekeepers have all been expelled in separate incidents for having sex with minors.” (6) The Eritrean government reacted angrily and closed a number of brothels and clubs frequented by bored peacekeepers and other foreigners, and arrested a number of local prostitutes.

Declan Walsh writing for The Scotsman: “During the UN peacekeeping mission to Somalia, it was claimed Canadian, Belgian and Italian soldiers were involved in torture and murder. An inquiry by the Canadian government of a young Somali man in 1993, found that he had been murdered by its troops and that a senior officer had lied in an attempt to cover up the atrocity. Two soldiers were jailed. In Belgium, newspapers published photographs of two soldiers holding a Somali boy over a fire. Three paratroopers were prosecuted, but were acquitted by a military tribunal. An Italian magazine published photographs showing soldiers from the country’s elite paratroop regiment apparently torturing a naked Somali with electrodes and sexually abusing a Somali woman (...) Two Rwandan women accused the UN, which was meant to be defending their families, of handing them over to their killers or running away (...) In Bosnia, more than 20 peacekeepers were ejected from the mission for theft and corruption. Nearly four dozen others were sent home after allegedly abusing mental patients at a hospital. Canadian peacekeepers were accused of rape, beatings and sexual abuse of a teenage handicapped girl.” (6)

2003

In January of 2003, the critically acclaimed Human Rights Watch released a report on the atrocities commited during the ‘civil’ war in Sierra Leone. The report detailed “sexual atrocities” not only committed by the local ‘rebels,’ but also by troops of the ECOMOG and the UN. Human Rights Watch alledged that UN peacekeepers had been equally involved in systematic rape and the use of women for sex slaves and household chores. [The Telegraph] (7)

Meanwhile in August, another scandal erupted as the Portugese weekly ‘Expresso’ leaked that the UN was involved in shipping young girls from Thailand to East Timor. Supposedly the children were to be forced into prostitution for the pleasure of the peacekeepers. As the rumors were quickly hushed up and ridiculed, the UN did confirm that it was investigating into the claims. According to the UN the investigation focused on a report claiming that a chartered ship was used by UN peacekeepers to bring Thai child prostitutes into East Timor. However, according to OIOS spokesperson Hua Jiang “So far, some of the allegations are unsubstantiated.” [AP] (8)

2004

In the beginning of 2004 the British newspaper The Mirror ran an expose on the sale of children in a refugeecamp set up by the UN in Montenegro after the Kosovo war. Posing as potential customers, undercover investigators of The Mirror visited the UN camp near Podgoriza, where some 5000 refugees lived in dire poverty. The reporters were shown around by Siniza Nadazdin, the director of a local christian charity named Philia. At the time Nadazdin’s charity received funds from Catholic aid organisations and the UK based christian charity, Smile International.
Speaking frankly to the reporters, Nadazdin showed them around the camp and encouraged them to select refugeechildren they would like to buy. Nadazdin: “Take photos. Any of these children is for sale if you like. Pressure will be put on the parents to sell.” [The Mirror] (9)
The reporters had uncovered that Nadazdin worked together with two local gypsie crime bosses, the brothers Arton and Vlasnim Shkreli. As they roamed the camp looking for the best looking children, Nadazdin used his position as director of the charity to connect with trustworthy buyers. The poverty stricken families of the children would be pressurized to sell their children, and parents threatened or worse if they refused to. Nadazdin: “A hundred kids were trafficked from this camp (...) any of the children you see here are up for sale (...) I am willing to do it because of my finances.” [The Mirror] (9)
As Nadazdin guided the undercover reporters around the camp, he explained that blond, blue eyed children got around 5000 euro while darkskinned gypsie children only made around 500 euro. Only in the best cases were the children put up for illegal adoption; usually they end up in the sextrade as prostitutes or are used for child pornography. After taking the undercover reporters to children they had mailed pictures of, Nadazdin said: “This is the best family for you to buy a child. They are desperate.” (9) As their mother cried, preferring to be a prostitute than having to sell her children, one of Nadazdin’s gang made the cut-throat gesture to the mother. After leaving the camp, Vlasnim Shkreli called the reporters and offered them children for sex: “We have children for more delicate business than adoption. Have girls of 12, girls of 13, girls of 14 for you. There are 20 available now. They are pretty girls, all of them. Some are experienced in movies, some have been on internet sites. You will not be disappointed.” [The Mirror] (9)

Before they left, Nadazdin spoke about his big dream to the reporters, expressing his wish that the charity ‘Smile International’ would fund a daycare centre in the UN refugeecamp. To Nadazin this would be his own “child supermarket”. [The Mirror] (9)

On May 6 2004 Amnesty International released the report “So Does That Mean I Have Rights?” on forced prostitution in the Balkans, it details that “the number of places in Kosovo where trafficked girls may be exploited has increased from 18 in 1999 to more than 200 in 2003, with nightclubs, bars, restaurants, hotels and cafes all inplicated”. The girls all described their pimps as their “owners”. One of them said: “By buying us, he had the right to beat us, rape us, starve us and force us to have sex with clients.” Some of the girls were as young as 11 years old. The report also detailed how women and underaged girls were being used as forced prostitutes for UN and NATO personel stationed in Kosovo. One girl, who was only 12 when she was interviewed by Amnesty: “I was forced by the boss to serve international soldiers and police officers.” [The Independent] (10)

Amnesty in it’s press release: “Having escaped one set of human rights abuses, trafficked women and girls are subjected to a second set of violations at the hands of traffickers. If they manage to get away, they are often subjected to a third set of violations, this time by the authorities (...) trafficked women and girls are often still treated as criminals - prosecuted for being unlawfully in Kosovo, or charged with prostitution following raids by UNMIK police. When arrested, the women and girls are not given the basic rights guaranteed to all detainees. They are not informed about their rights, they are not allowed access to a lawyer and girls are often interviewed without a legal guardian present.” (11)

The agency claims that “girls under 18 make up between 15 and 20 per cent of the women working in bars. They are suspected of having been trafficked for forced prostitution. Instead of removing these girls, registered by UNMIK, they are left in the bars, subject to further human rights abuses, including being raped and beaten.” (11)

Amnesty claimed that 20% of the clients who frequented the Kosovo brothels where girls were subjected to forced prostitution were members of the UNMIK and the NATO’s ‘peacekeeping force’ KFOR. However, the UNMIK claimed that the Amnesty report was “outdated” and “highly unbalanced”. As a result, nothing much happened to punish the offending peacekeepers of the UN and the NATO. Agence France Press: “From January 2002 to July 2003, between 22 and 27 members of KFOR troops were suspected of offences related to trafficking, Amnesty quoted UNMIK figures as showing. But there was no evidence that any had been prosecuted.” (12)

Amnesty: “It is outrageous that the very same people who are there to protect these women and girls are using their position and exploiting them instead - and they are getting away with it.” (11)


While the sexabuse scandals in Montenegro and Kosovo died down, another sex scandal involving UN peacekeepers broke in December 2004 in the tiny African nation of Burundi, where 5.000 Peacekeepers were stationed. The allegations circled around sexual misconduct by the UN forces, including rape, prostitution and pedophilia.
The revelations followed on the heels of the UN’s admission that sexual exploitation by Peacekeepers had indeed been asserted in the Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) where the UN was investigating a total of 150 allegations against UN peacekeepers stationed there. There were allegations of rape, prostitution and pedophilia, some of which included photographic and video evidence.
While the UN was being applauded by the international community for their unexpected ‘openness’ into acknowledging the abuse by peacekeepers in the DRC, the Washington Post reported that the UN team in the DCR had been repeatedly sabotaged by the Peacekeepers during their ongoing investigations. And when the Burundi scandal broke immediately after that, and it was revealed that 2 Peacekeepers had been suspended, the UN took up their old stance and refused to give any further comment. [BBC] (13)

2005

The sex scandal that broke out in the DRC – which involved rape, prostitution and pedophilia – once again laid bare the widespread evidence of the sexual exploitation of African refugees by those who were sent there to help them. As Gita Sahgal of Amnesty International said in an interview with Christian Science Monitor: “The issue with the U.N. is that peacekeeping operations unfortunately seem to be doing the same thing that other militaries do (...) Even the guardians have to be guarded.” [Weekly Standard] (14)

Joseph Loconte, writing for The Weekly Standard on the scandal in the DCR: “Various U.N. reports and interviews with humanitarian groups suggest that international peacekeeping missions are creating a predatory sexual culture among vulnerable refugees--from relief workers who demand sexual favors in exchange for food to U.N. troops who rape women at gunpoint.” (14)

Writing about the refugee camp in Bunia, where 16.000 refugees arre housed, Loconte states: “Investigators describe a ‘significant, widespread and ongoing’ pattern of abuse at the camp – an astonishing conclusion given that many women are afraid to report sexual violence against them. At least one senior official in charge of security in Bunia is implicated in the scandal, and U.N. peacekeepers allegedly have threatened investigators with retaliation. According to the Economist, a U.N. probe is even considering the possibility that MONUC has been infiltrated by ‘organized pedophiles who recruit their friends’.” [Weekly Standard] (14)

In January 2005, the UN confirmed that Peacekeepers had been sexually exploiting women and girls at Bunia Refugee camp in DRC. While the number of UN troops was to be expected to be raised to 16.000 in the next month, UN Special Representative to the Congo, William Lacy Swing, said in a press conference: “We have had and continue to have a serious problem of sexual exploitation and abuse (...) We are shocked by it, we are outraged, we are sickened by it. Peacekeepers who have been sworn to assist those in need, particularly those who have been victims of sexual violence, instead have caused grievous harm.” [AP] (15)

As the UN team was conducting investigations in Bunia camp, they were hindered in their efforts by guards and military officers. In all the Congo cases against the Peacekeepers that were substantiated by evidence, sexual abuse of children was involved. [AP] (15)

In March 2005, an internal investigation carried out by the OIOS and published by Jordan’s ambassador to the UN, Prince Zeid Ra’ad Zeid al-Hussein, titled “A Comprehensive Strategy To Eliminate Future Sexual Exploitation and Abuse in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations” was publicized. (16) The report was a blistering critique of the effects of the sexual abuse and exploitation by UN Peacekeepers around the world. At that moment the UN was involved in 17 peackekeeping operations which involved some 75.000 employees – both civilian and military. The report insisted that the UN peacekeeping missions must be carried out under the principal rule that they will not “in any way increase the suffering of vulnerable sectors of (a) population.” [The Guardian] (16)

As the report read: “The reality of prostitution and other sexual exploitation in a
peacekeeping context is profoundly disturbing because the United Nations has been mandated to enter into a broken society to help it, not to breach the trust placed in it by the local population,” the scandal in the DRC flared up again after new revelations that UN peacekeepers were still sexually abusing and exploiting the refugees in their care. The Guardian writes: “In the DRC, peacekeepers were said to have offered abandoned orphans small gifts - as little as two eggs from their rations, says the report - for sexual encounters. Used condoms, an inquiry by the UN's Office of Internal Oversight Services discovered, littered the perimeter of military camps and guard posts.” (16)

The report states that in the DCR: “sexual exploitation and abuse mostly involves the exchange of sex for money (on average $1-$3 per encounter), for food (for immediate consumption or to barter later) or for jobs (...) Victims frequently suffer from psychological trauma as a result of their experiences. Victims and abandoned peacekeeper babies may face stigmatisation by their families and communities, which deprive them of all support.” [The Guardian] (16)

2006

At the end of 2006 UN Secretary General Kofi Anan retired from his post. Just before he left, Anan acknowledged in a speech: “There have been crimes such as rape, paedophilia and human trafficking.” (17)

And indeed, in 2006 yet another UN childabuse sexscandal broke out, this time in Haiti. Victims and witnesses claimed peacekeepers had sexually harassed and raped minors, including a young girl at a UN naval base. One of the victims was a top student at her school who was raped at age 15 by a Peacekeeper, after which she dropped out. “I thought they came for peace, not war (...) I thought they came to protect us. I never thought they could abuse me in this way,” she said. (18)
In all, the UN had investigated 35 claims of sexual abuse and exploitation against UN Peacekeepers since it came to Haiti – a mission including at that time some 6.600 soldiers and 17.00 police officers. However, it did not find enough evidence to substantiate the claims. UN spokesperson David Wimhurst claimed 3 seperate investigations into the case of the raped top student had produced no evidence. Wimhurst: “We take it very seriously (...) Clearly, the vast majority of our people are behaving themselves, and indeed, since some of these allegations don't pan out, I would say, it's not a huge problem.” [Washington Times] (18)

However, human rights workers in Haiti maintain that there are much more victims and witnesses of sexual abuse by UN peacekeepers, but that they are too intimidated by the UN and too scared to step forward. (18)

2007

On January 3, 2007, The Telegraph attention focused on Sudan, when the paper reported that the UN mission in southern Sudan, the UNMIS, had been sexually abusing refugee children in their care. The abuse had begun as soon as the UN moved into the area of Juba in 2005. Unicef had even published an internal report about the situation in southern Sudan, and it was thought that hundreds of children had been subsequently abused by UN peacekeepers. The Sudanese refugee children described how peacekeepers and civil staff picked them up in their white cars with the UN logo to have sex with them for a small fee. In effect, the UN employees were creating child prostitutes. They picked the children up from the streets or at certain nightclubs. The Telegraph: “Many of the children who claim to have had sex with UN personnel in Juba belong to southern Sudan's ‘lost generation’, separated from their families by the recent civil war, who now sleep rough on the streets of Juba, the regional capital.” (19)
The Telegraph said to understand that the Sudanese government was all too aware of the situation and also had gathered evidence of the child abuse by UN employees.

One of the boys who spoke to The Telegraph said: “I know it is a terrible thing to do but I see the UN cars around late at night by the drinking places and I sit there in the hope of being picked up. If I get 1000 SD ($3) a day then that is a good day.” (19)

The court judge of Juba county, Ali Said, confirmed that there had been an increase in child prostitution since the UN came to the area. [The Telegraph] (19)

In July 2007 it became clear yet another UN mission got involved in “widespread sexual abuse and exploitation”, including allegations of childabuse. This time it is in Cote D’Ivoire, and the UN took the unprecedented move to confine its peacekeepers contingent to their base in Bouake while carrying out it’s investigation into the claims. [BBC] (19) As a result, not much is known about what the UN is doing to the locals.


Sources:

(1) “Teenagers ‘used for sex by UN in Bosnia’”, Stewart Payne, The Telegraph, April 25, 2002, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/04/25/wbos25.xml
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_042502_unsextrade.html

(2) “U.N. Finally Forced to Probe Its Pedophilia Scandal”, Newsmax, May 7, 2002, http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2002/5/6/151901.shtml
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_050702_un.html


(3) “U.N. adds new cases of sex abuse”, John Zarocostas, The Washington Times, October 14, 2002, http://www.washtimes.com/world/20021014-85616521.htm
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_101402_un.html


(4) “Child sex book given out at U.N. summit”, George Archibald, The Washington Times, May 10, 2002, http://www.washtimes.com/national/20020510-25256488.htm
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_051002_un.html


(5) “UN ‘ignored’ abuse at Kosovo mental homes”, Oliver Burkeman, The Guardian, August 8, 2002, http://www.guardian.co.uk/Kosovo/Story/0,2763,770954,00.html
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_080802_un.html

(6) “Peacekeeper jailed for porn films”, Declan Walsh, The Scotsman, December 23, 2002, http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1422722002
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_122302_un.html


(7) “UN troops accused of ‘systematic’ rape in Sierra Leone”, Tim Butcher, The Telegraph, January 17, 2003, http://www.news.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/01/17/wleon17.xml
http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_011703_unsextrade.html

(8) “UN ship ‘carried child prostitutes’”, AP, August 21, 2003, http://www.propagandamatrix.com/un_ship_carried_child_prostitutes
http://www.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,4057,6682018%255E401,00.html
http://100777.com/node/435

(9) “Children Sold Into Slavery by UN Charity”, The Mirror, January 27, 2004, http://www.propagandamatrix.com/270104soldintoslavery.html

(10) “Amnesty Denounces Peacekeepers Over Kosovo Sex Slavery”, Vesna Peric Zimonjic, The Independent, May 7, 2004,
http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/story.jsp?story=518919
http://www.rense.com/general52/sexx.htm

(11) “Kosovo: Trafficked women & girls have human rights”, Amnesty International, May 7, 2004, http://www.scoop.co.nz/mason/stories/WO0405/S00059.htm
The Full Report at: http://amnesty-news.c.topica.com/maacdNkaa6Dccbb0hPub/

(12) () “Amnesty damns UN, NATO over sexual slavery of women in Kosovo”, AFP, May 7, 2004, http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/83599/1/.html

(13) “New sex misconduct claims hit UN”, Susannah Price, BBC News, December 17, 2004, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4106515.stm

(14) “The UN Sex Scandal”, Joseph Loconte, The Weekly Standard, January 1, 2005, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/081zxelz.asp
http://www.rense.com/general61/SCANDAL.HTM

(15) “Report: U.N. exploited Congo girls”, AP, January 8, 2005, http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/apus_story.asp?category=1110&slug=Peacekeeper%20Sex%20Abuse
http://www.prisonplanet.com/Pages/Jan05/080105UNabuse.html

(16) “Report reveals shame of UN peacekeepers”, The Guardian, March 25, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,1445537,00.html
http://www.propagandamatrix.com/articles/march2005/250305revealsshame.htm

(17) “UN probes ‘abuse’ in Ivory Coast”, BBC, July 21, 2007,
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6909664.stm

(18) “U.N. peacekeepers accused of rape”, Reed Lindsay, The Washington Times, December 17, 2006, http://www.washingtontimes.com/world/20061217-122119-4767r.htm

(19) “UN staff accused of raping children in Sudan”, Kate Holt & Sarah Hughes, The Telegraph, January 3, 2007, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/03/wsudan03.xml
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=5LHEVG0PIGU2NQFIQMFSFFOAVCBQ0IV0?xml=/news/2007/01/03/wsudan03.xml&page=2
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/01/03/wsudan03.xml&page=3
http://www.infowars.net/articles/january2007/030107UN.htm